Il-eagle Assets?

Il-eagle Assets?

Our estate tax system is quite different from our income tax system. The income tax, as its name implies, focuses on how much money individuals, trusts, and business entities make. The estate tax system, in contrast, focuses on how much assets are worth. Most assets aren't hard to value. Stocks, bonds, mutual funds, and similar assets are valued at their publicly-traded fair market value (FMV) as of the date of death (or the executor can choose an "alternate valuation date" six months later). But some assets are a little harder. Real estate, for example, is also valued at its FMV -- but who's to say what a unique or expensive property is really "worth," especially in today's volatile market? Closely-held businesses can be even harder to appraise. And high-end collectibles, like the kind of art and antiques that usually sell at auction, can be hardest of all.

These issues make estate-tax enforcement a different challenge from income-tax enforcement. For fiscal year 2010, the IRS received 42,366 estate tax returns, and audited 4,288, or 10.1%. But just as income tax audits go up as your income rises, estate-tax audits go up as your assets go up. For that same year, the IRS received 3,013 estate tax returns reporting assets of $10 million or more -- and audited 928 of them, or 30.8%!

Occasionally, the IRS finds assets that are especially tricky to value. For instance, how do you value an asset that would be illegal to sell? That was the challenge the IRS faced with the estate of art dealer Ileana Sonnabend. Sonnenbend died at age 92 after amassing one of the country's most important collections of contemporary art, including works by Jeff Koons, Roy Lichtenstein, Andy Warhol, and Cy Twombly. Her heirs valued her estate at $875 million, and sold several works to pay taxes of $331 million to Uncle Sam and $140 million to New York state.

But Sonnabend's collection also included a 1959 work called "Canyon" by Robert Rauschenberg, best-known for his "combine-paintings" incorporating nontraditional materials and objects. And there's a problem with that piece -- it includes a stuffed bald eagle. Bald eagles aren't just a symbol of America, they're an endangered species. Selling any part of an eagle, even a single feather, is, well, il-eagle -- punishable by a fine of up to $100,000 and a year in prison. (Yes, they will make a federal case out of it.) In fact, back in 1981, the Department of Fish and Wildlife notified Sonnabend that ownership of the piece was restricted by federal law. Sonnabend got permission to retain the piece and lend it to museums, but understood that she could never sell it or export it for sale.

Sonnabend's executors obviously took that constraint into consideration, and valued the piece for estate tax purposes at zero. The IRS, not surprisingly, cried fowl. They valued "Canyon" at $65 million -- assessed $29 million in tax -- and threw in an $11.7 "gross valuation misstatement" penalty for good measure! (The technical term for that is "holy smokes"!) The executors have filed suit, of course, but the IRS has a history of valuing illicit assets, like native American artifacts and stolen art and antiquities, at their "black market" value.

Smart planning could have avoided this whole mess. Sonnabend could have donated "Canyon" to a U.S. museum before her death. That would have avoided the absurd result of owing tax on an asset, but facing jail time for selling it to pay the tax! The good news in all this is that, at least from now through the end of the year, there's no tax due unless your taxable estate tops $10 million. The bad news is that if you do leave enough to owe tax, you can almost count on being audited. So if your house is stuffed with contraband, the time to get rid of it is now! Other tax planning questions? Call us!

Tax Detectives on the Case

Tax Detectives, on the Case

The IRS is busy playing detective! But are they building cases, clue by meticulous clue, like the supersleuths of television's CSI? Or are they falling on their faces like the bumbling Inspector Clouseau?

Last month, a federal judge gave the IRS permission to serve a "John Doe" summons on the California Board of Equalization, demanding names of residents who transferred real estate to children or grandchildren for little or no consideration. The IRS sought the names as part of a nationwide effort to find taxpayers who transfer property to relatives without filing gift tax returns. (The IRS had already rounded up information from Connecticut, Florida, Hawaii, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, Washington state and Wisconsin -- but California officials objected that state law prohibited them from ratting out residents without court approval.)

Most people don't know much about gift tax, for the simple reason that most people won't ever pay gift tax. Gift tax law lets you give up to $13,000 per year to as many people as you like. Once your gifts to any single person (other than your spouse) top $13,000 in a year, you're required to file gift tax returns. Your cumulative lifetime gifts count against your estate tax "unified credit," which is the amount you're allowed to leave free of estate tax. And once your cumulative lifetime gifts top $5,012,000, you owe a 35% tax on the excess. If you're gifting to a grandchild or some other person more than one generation removed, you might even owe an extra 35% "generation-skipping" tax.

How does that lead the IRS to combing state property records like a sleazy private investigator tracking down a cheating husband? Well, transferring property into an heir's name is a common estate-planning move. Let's say you own a beloved vacation home, or a stock portfolio, and you don't want to see it burdened by probate. You can just add your child's name to the deed or account as "joint tenant with right of survivorship," and at your death, voila, the property automatically passes to your child. But there's a catch -- transferring property like that counts as a "complete gift." If that property is worth $1,000,000, you've just made a $500,000 gift!

This particular IRS "project" is already yielding results. The IRS filed an affidavit in the California case stating that they had examined 658 taxpayers who transferred property to relatives -- and concluded that 238 of them should have filed Form 709 to report the gift. Twenty of those 238 were assessed actual tax because the transfers pushed them over their lifetime exemption.

This isn't the first time the IRS has used the "John Doe" summons to flush out members of suspect groups. Back in 2002, the IRS subpoenaed MasterCard and Visa to find taxpayers using debit cards tied to accounts in offshore tax havens. And in 2008, they used it to find taxpayers hiding Swiss bank accounts. The Internal Revenue Manual puts strict limits on this tool. But if today's efforts succeed in finding lost revenue, we can probably expect to see more in the future.

There are a couple of lessons here. First, many financial moves -- like transferring property into your kids' names -- have hidden tax consequences that are easy to miss. And second, the IRS has more ways than you realize to find those consequences. So don't take chances, especially when they might land you on the wrong end of an IRS subpoena! You know how the utility company tells you to "call before you dig"? Well, call us before you dig, and we'll help you avoid all sorts of nasty surprises!